Gore ra2017 rinocherechedzwa nekuyeukwa kwakakosha kweiyo world opera art - muimbi ane mukurumbira wekuUkraine Solomiya Krushelnytska akaberekwa makore 145 apfuura. Inzwi risingakanganwiki velvety, huwandu hweanoda kusvika matatu octave, huwandu hwepamusoro hweunyanzvi hwemuimbi, chimiro chakajeka chechitarisiko. Zvose izvi zvakaita kuti Solomiya Krushelnitskaya ave chiitiko chakasiyana-siyana mumitambo ye opera pakutanga kwezana remakore rechiXNUMX neXNUMX.
Tarenda yake inoshamisa yakafarirwa nevateereri muItaly neGermany, Poland neRussia, France neAmerica. Nyeredzi dzeOpera dzakadai saEnrico Caruso, Mattia Battistini, Tito Ruffa vakaimba naye pachikuva chimwe chete. Makondakita akakurumbira Toscanini, Cleofonte Campanini, Leopoldo Mugnone akamukoka kuti ashande pamwe chete.
Iko kuvonga kuna Solomiya Krushelnytska kuti Butterfly (Giacomo Puccini) ichiri kurongwa pamatanho eopera enyika nhasi. Kuita kwezvikamu zvikuru zvemuimbi kwakava kwakakosha kune dzimwe nziyo. Debut maitiro mumutambo "Salome", iyo opera "Lorelei" uye "Valli" yakave yakakurumbira. Ivo vakaverengerwa muchigarire operatic repertoire.
Hudiki uye hudiki hwemuimbi
Akazvarwa munaGunyana 23, 1872 mudunhu reTernopil mumhuri huru yekuimba yemupristi. Achiziva mano asina kujairika ezwi remwanasikana wake, baba vake vakamupa dzidzo yemimhanzi yakakodzera. Akaimba mukwaya yake, akatomboiitisa kwekanguva.
Akamutsigira mukusada kwake kuroorwa nomurume asingadiwi uye kupa upenyu hwake kune unyanzvi. Nemhaka yekuramba kwemwanasikana kuroorwa nemupristi weramangwana, matambudziko akawanda akaonekwa mumhuri. Vamwe vanasikana vake vakanga vasisapfimbi. Asi baba, kusiyana naamai vaSolomiya, vaigara vari kudivi ravaifarira.
Makirasi paConservatory naProfessor Valery Vysotsky kwemakore matatu akapa mhedzisiro yakanaka. Solomiya akamuita dambarefu rake pachikuva cheLviv Opera Theatre semezzo-soprano mu opera The Favorite (Gaetano Donizetti).
Nemhaka yekuzivana kwake nenyeredzi yeItaly Gemma Belliconi, Solomiya akatanga kudzidza muItaly. Mamiriro ezwi rake haasi mezzo, asi lyric-dramatic soprano (izvi zvakasimbiswa nemukurumbira Milanese bel canto mudzidzisi Fausta Crespi). Naizvozvo, kuguma Solomiya akanga atobatana Italy. Zita rokuti Solomiya kubva kuItaly rinoreva "wangu chete." Akanga ane dambudziko rakakomba - zvaive zvakakodzera "kugadzirisa" inzwi rake kubva ku mezzo kusvika ku soprano. Zvese zvaifanira kutanga kubva patsva.
Muzvinyorwa zvake, Elena (hanzvadzi yaKrushelnitskaya) akanyora nezveunhu hwaSolomiya kuti: “Zuva riri rose aidzidza mumhanzi nokuimba kwemaawa mashanu kana matanhatu, uye ipapo aienda kuhurukuro dzokutamba, aiuya kumba akaneta. Asi haana kumbonyunyuta pamusoro pechimwe chinhu. Ndakanetseka kanopfuura kamwe kuti akanga awanepi simba rakawanda kudaro nesimba. Hanzvadzi yangu aifarira mimhanzi uye kuimba zvakanyanya zvekuti dai pasina izvozvo zvaiita sekuti hapana hupenyu kwaari.
Solomiya, nehunhu hwake, aive aine tariro huru, asi nekuda kwechimwe chikonzero aigara achinzwa kumwe kusagutsikana naye. Kune rimwe nerimwe rebasa rake, akagadzirira zvakanyatsonaka. Kuti adzidze chikamu chacho, Solomiya aingoda kutarira manotsi aaiverenga papepa, sezvo munhu achiverenga mashoko akadhindwa. Ndakadzidza mutambo nemusoro mumazuva maviri kana matatu. Asi uku kwaingova kutanga kwebasa."
Kutanga kwebasa rekugadzira
Kubva mutsamba naMikhail Pavlik, zvinozivikanwa kuti Solomiya akadzidzawo kuumbwa, akaedza kunyora mimhanzi pachake. Asi akabva asiya rudzi urwu rwekugadzira, akazvipira chete pakuimba.
Muna 1894, muimbi wacho akasaina chibvumirano neimba yeOpera. Pamwe chete nemukurumbira tenor Alexander Mishuga, akaimba munziyo dzeFaust, Il trovatore, Un ballo mu maschera, Pebble. Haasi zvikamu zvose zveopera zvaienderana nenzwi rake. Paiva nezvidimbu zvecoloratura muzvikamu zveMargarita neEleonora.
Pasinei nezvose, muimbi akakwanisa. Zvisinei, vatsoropodzi vePoland vakapomera Krushelnytska kuimba nenzira yakadudzwa yokuItaly. Uye akakanganwa zvaakadzidziswa panguva yekuchengetedza, achifunga nezvekukanganisa kwake kwaaive asina. Zvechokwadi, izvi zvingadai zvisina kuitwa pasina "kugumburwa" Purofesa Vysotsky nevadzidzi vake. Naizvozvo, pashure kuita opera, Solomiya zvakare akadzokera Italy kudzidza.
"Pandinongosvika, uko makore mashoma pamberi peLvov ... veruzhinji ipapo havazondiziva ... ini ndichatsungirira kusvika kumagumo uye ndinoedza kunyengerera vese vanoshuvira kuti mweya weRussia unokwanisawo kumbundira zvishoma. yepamusoro-soro pasi rose yemimhanzi,” akanyorera vaaizivana navo muItaly.
Akadzokera kuLvov muna Ndira 1895. Pano muimbi akaita "Manon" (Giacomo Puccini). Akabva aenda kuVienna kune akakurumbira mudzidzisi Gensbacher kuti adzidze nezvemitambo yaWagner. Solomiya akaita mabasa makuru munenge ese maopera aWagner pamatanho akasiyana epasi. Aionekwa semumwe wevakanyanya kuita zvakanaka munziyo dzake.
Ipapo kwaiva neWarsaw. Kuno akakurumidza kuwana ruremekedzo nomukurumbira. Veruzhinji vePolish uye vatsoropodzi vakamutora semutambi asingaenzaniswi wemapato "Pebble" uye "Countess". Muna 1898-1902. pachikuva cheBolshoi Theatre muWarsaw, Solomiya akaita naEnrico Caruso. Uyewo naMattia Battistini, Adam Didur, Vladislav Floriansky nevamwe.
Solomiya Krushelnytska: Kusika chiitiko
Kwemakore mashanu akaita mabasa mumaopera: Tannhäuser naValkyrie (Richard Wagner), Othello, Aida. Uyewo "Don Carlos", "Masquerade Ball", "Ernani" (Giuseppe Verdi), "African", "Robert the Devil" uye "Huguenots" (Giacomo Meyerbeer), "The Cardinal's Daughter" ("Jew") ( Fromantal Halevi) , "Demon" (Anton Rubinstein), "Werther" (Jules Massenet), "La Gioconda" (Amilcare Ponchielli), "Tosca" uye "Manon" (Giacomo Puccini), "Nyika Honor" (Pietro Mascagni), "Fra Dhiyabhorosi" (Daniel Francois Aubert)," Maria di Rogan "(Gaetano Donizetti)," The Barber of Seville "(Gioacchino Rossini)," Eugene Onegin "," The Queen of Spades "uye" Mazepa "(Pyotr Tchaikovsky) ," Hero uye Leander "( Giovanni Bottesini), "hurungudo" uye "Countess" (Stanislav Moniuszko), "Goplan" (Vladislav Zelensky).
Kwakanga kune vanhu muWarsaw vakatanga kunyomba, kudenha, kunyomba muimbi. Vakaita kuburikidza nepepanhau uye vakanyora kuti muimbi anowana mari yakawanda kupfuura mamwe maartist. Uye panguva imwecheteyo, haadi kuimba muchiPolish, haadi mimhanzi yaMoniuszko nevamwe. Solomiya akagumburwa nezvinyorwa zvakadaro uye akasarudza kusiya Warsaw. Kutenda kuLibetsky's feuilleton "New Italian", muimbi wacho akasarudza repertoire yeItaly.
Kubwinya nekuzivikanwa
Pamusoro pemaguta nemisha muWestern Ukraine, Solomiya akaimba muOdessa pachikuva chenzvimbo opera sechikamu cheboka reItaly. Mafungiro akanakisa evagari veOdessa uye timu yeItaly kwaari imhaka yekuvapo kwenhamba yakakosha yevaItaly muguta. Havana kungogara muOdessa chete, asi vakaitawo zvakawanda mukusimudzira tsika yemimhanzi yekumaodzanyemba kwePalmyra.
Kushanda paBolshoi neMariinsky theatre, kwemakore akati wandei Solomiya Krushelnitskaya akabudirira kuita maopera naPyotr Tchaikovsky.
Guido Marotta akati nezvemhando yepamusoro yemimhanzi yemuimbi: "Solomiya Krushelnitskaya muimbi ane hungwaru ane hunyanzvi hwekutsoropodza maitiro. Airidza piyano zvakanaka, aidzidzisa zvibodzwa uye mabasa iye pachake, pasina kukumbira rubatsiro kubva kune nyanzvi.
Muna 1902, Krushelnitskaya akafamba muSt. Petersburg, achitoimbira Mambo weRussia. Akabva aita muParis neakakurumbira tenor Jan Reschke. Pachikuva cheLa Scala, akaimba mumutambo wenziyo Salome, opera Elektra (naRichard Strauss), Phaedre (naSimon Maira), nevamwe. Muna 1920, akaoneka panhandare yeopera kokupedzisira. Panzvimbo yemitambo "La Scala" Solomiya akaimba mu opera "Lohengrin" (Richard Wagner).
Solomiya Krushelnytska: Hupenyu mushure meOpera Stage
Apedza basa rake rekuvhiya, Solomiya akatanga kuimba repertoire yekamuri. Paaifamba muAmerica, akaimba mumitauro minomwe (chiItalian, chiFrench, chiGerman, Chirungu, Spanish, Polish, Russian) yekare, yekare, yerudo, yemazuva ano uye nziyo dzechivanhu. Krushelnitskaya aiziva kupa mumwe nomumwe wavo kunhuhwirira kwakasiyana. Mushure mezvose, aive nechimwe chinhu chakakosha - pfungwa yemaitiro.
Muna 1939 (manheru okuparadzaniswa kwePoland pakati peyaimbova USSR neGermany), Krushelnytska akauya zvakare kuLvov. Izvi aizviitira gore negore kuti aone mhuri yake. Zvisinei, akanga asingakwanisi kudzokera kuItaly. Izvi zvakadziviswa kutanga nekugadzwa kweGalicia kuUSSR, uyezve nehondo.
Mutori wenhau wepashure pehondo weSoviet akanyora nezvekusada kwaKrushelnytska kusiya Lvov uye kudzokera kuItaly. Uye akataura mazwi emuimbi, uyo akasarudza kuti zvaive nani kuva munhu weSoviet pane "millionaire weItaly".
Hunhu hwakasimba hwakabatsira Solomiya kupona zvese kusuwa, uye nzara, uye kurwara kwegumbo rakatyoka panguva ye1941-1945. Hanzvadzi duku dzakabatsira Solomiya, nokuti akanga asina basa, haana kukokwa kupi zvako. Nekuoma kukuru, aimbova nyeredzi ye opera siteji akawana basa paLviv Conservatory. Asi chizvarwa chake chakaramba chiri chekuItaly. Kuti awane hukama hweSocialist Ukraine, aifanira kubvuma kutengeswa kwevilla muItaly. Uye kupa mari kuhurumende yeSoviet. Mushure mekugamuchira kubva kuhurumende yeSoviet chikamu chisingakoshi chekutengeswa kweimba, basa remudzidzisi, zita remushandi anoremekedzwa, purofesa, muimbi akatora basa rekudzidzisa.
Pasinei nezera rake, Solomiya Krushelnitskaya akaita makonzati ega pazera remakore 77. Maererano nemumwe wevateereri vemakonti:
"Akarova nekudzika kwesoprano inopenya, yakasimba, inochinjika, iyo, nekuda kwemasimba emashiripiti, yakadururwa serukova rutsva kubva mumuviri usina kusimba wemuimbi."
Nyanzvi yakanga isina vadzidzi vakakurumbira. Vanhu vashomanana panguva iyoyo vakapedza zvidzidzo zvavo kusvika mugore re5, nguva dzepashure pehondo muLviv dzakanga dzakaoma zvikuru.
Mutambi ane mukurumbira akafa pazera re80 nekenza yehuro. Muimbi haana kunyunyuta kune ani zvake nezvehurwere hwake, akafa chinyararire, pasina kukwezva kutarisisa.
Ndangariro dzengano yemimhanzi yeUkraine
Nziyo dzemimhanzi dzakatsaurirwa kune muimbi, mapikicha akapendwa. Vanhu vakakurumbira vetsika nezvematongerwo enyika vaimuda. Ava ndivo munyori Vasily Stefanik, munyori uye ruzhinji chimiro Mikhail Pavlik. Pamwe chete negweta uye wezvematongerwo enyika Teofil Okunevsky, mugadziri wemishonga wamambo weEgipita. Muimbi weItaly ane mukurumbira Manfredo Manfredini akazviuraya kubva murudo rusina kufanira rweopera diva.
Akapiwa epithets: "zvisingaenzaniswi", "chete", "zvakasiyana", "zvisingaenzaniswi". Mumwe wevadetembi vakajeka vekuItaly vekupera kweXNUMXth uye kutanga kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX, Gabriele d'Annunzio. Akatsaurira vhesi "Poetic Memory" kuKrushelnitskaya, iyo yakazogadzirirwa mimhanzi nemunyori Renato Brogi.
Solomiya Krushelnytska aienderana nenhamba dzakakurumbira dzetsika dzeUkraine: Ivan Franko, Mykola Lysenko, Vasily Stefanyk, Olga Kobylyanska. Muimbi agara achiimba nziyo dzechiUkraine mumakonzati uye haana kumbobvira atyora hukama nenyika yake.
Zvinoshamisa kuti Krushelnitskaya haana kukokwa kuimba pachikuva Kyiv Opera House. Kunyange zvazvo akanyorerana nehutungamiri hwake kwemakore akati wandei. Zvisinei, pakanga pane imwe nguva mune iyi gangaidzo. Vamwe vanozivikanwa vekuUkraine maartist vaive nechiitiko chakafanana che "vasina kukokwa". Uyu ndiye soloist weVienna Opera Ira Malaniuk uye asina kumbopfuura Wagner tenor, soloist weSweden Royal Opera Modest Mencinski.
Muimbi akararama hupenyu hunofadza seye opera nyeredzi yehukuru hwekutanga. Asi aigara achinokora mashoko kuvadzidzi vake mashoko aEnrico Caruso ekuti vechidiki vose vanoshuvira kuita opera, anoda kushevedzera:
“Yeuka! Iri ibasa rakaoma zvikuru. Kunyangwe iwe uine izwi rakakura uye dzidzo yakasimba, iwe unotofanirwa kugona dhizaini repertoire yemabasa. Uye izvo zvinotora makore ekushanda nesimba uye kuyeuka kwakasarudzika. Wedzera kune ino nhanho hunyanzvi, hunodawo kudzidziswa uye haugone kuita pasina iyo mu opera. Iwe unofanirwa kukwanisa kufamba, fenzi, kudonha, gesticulate, nezvimwe zvakadaro. Uye, pakupedzisira, mune yazvino mamiriro opera, zvinokosha kuziva mitauro yokumwe.
Shamwari yaSolomia Negrito da Piazzini (mwanasikana wemukuru wemitambo yemitambo muBuenos Aires) akayeuka kuti hapana kana kondakita mumwe chete akataura chero chinhu kwaari, achiziva kusadzivirirwa kwake. Asi kunyange vaimbi vakakurumbira uye vaimbi vakateerera mazano uye maonero aSolomiya.
