Dmitri Shostakovich - piyano, munyori, mudzidzisi uye chimiro chevanhu. Uyu ndiye mumwe wevanyori vakakurumbira vezana remakore rapfuura. Akakwanisa kugadzira zvidimbu zvakawanda zvemimhanzi.
Nzira yekugadzira uye yehupenyu yeShostakovich yakazadzwa nezviitiko zvinosuruvarisa. Asi nokuda kwemiedzo akasika Dmitry Dmitrievich, achimanikidza vamwe vanhu kurarama uye kusakanda mapfumo pasi.
Dmitri Shostakovich: Uduku uye Vechiduku
Maestro akaberekwa munaSeptember 1906. Mukuwedzera kune Dima muduku, vabereki vakarera vamwe vanasikana vaviri. Mhuri yeShostakovich yaifarira zvikuru mimhanzi. Kumba, vabereki nevana vaironga makonzati asina kurongwa.
Mhuri yacho yaigara zvakanaka, uye kunyange kubudirira. Dmitry akaenda kune imwe gymnasium yakazvimirira, pamwe nechikoro chakakurumbira chemimhanzi chakatumidzwa zita rekuti I. A. Glyasser. Muimbi akadzidzisa Shostakovich musical notation. Asi haana kudzidzisa kuumbwa, saka Dima akadzidza zvose nuances kuumba rwiyo ari oga.
Shostakovich muzvinyorwa zvake akayeuka Glasser semunhu akaipa, anofinha uye ane utsinye. Pasinei neruzivo rwake rwekudzidzisa, akanga asingazivi nzira yekuitisa zvidzidzo zvemimhanzi zvachose uye akanga asina nzira yevana. Makore mashomanana gare gare, Dmitry akasiya chikoro chemimhanzi, uye kunyange kunyengetedza kwaamai vake hakuna kumumanikidza kuchinja pfungwa dzake.
Muhuduku, maestro aiva nechimwe chiitiko chaakayeuka kwenguva refu. Akaona chiitiko chakaipa muna 1917. Dima akaona sei Cossack, achiparadzira boka revanhu, akacheka mukomana mudiki nepakati. Zvinoshamisa kuti, chiitiko chinosuruvarisa chakafuridzira maestro kunyora chinyorwa "Funeral March in Memory of the Victims of the Revolution."
Kuwana dzidzo
Ndapedza chikoro chega, Dmitry Dmitrievich akapinda muPetrograd Conservatory. Vabereki havana kupikisa mwanakomana wavo, asi, pane kudaro, vakamutsigira. Mushure mekupedza kosi yekutanga, munyori wechidiki akagadzira Scherzo fis-moll.
Munguva imwecheteyo yenguva, bhangi rake remumhanzi rakazadzikiswa nemabasa "Two Krylov's Fables" uye "Three Fantastic Dances". Nokukurumidza kuguma kwakaunza maestro pamwe naBoris Vladimirovich Asafiev uye Vladimir Vladimirovich Shcherbachev. Vaive chikamu cheAnna Vogt Circle.
Dmitry aiva mudzidzi ane muenzaniso wakanaka. Akapinda muimba inochengeterwa mhuka pasinei nezvipingamupinyi zvakawanda. Nyika yakanga ichipinda munguva dzakaoma. Kwaiva nenzara nourombo. Panguva iyoyo, vadzidzi vakawanda vakafa nekuda kwekuneta. Pasinei nematambudziko ose, Shostakovich akashanyira masvingo ekuchengetedza uye akaramba achishingaira mumhanzi.
Maererano naShostakovich's memoirs:
“Imba yangu yakanga iri kure nenzvimbo inochengeterwa mhuka. Zvingave zvine musoro kungotora tram woenda ikoko. Asi chimiro changu panguva iyoyo chakanga chisina maturo zvokuti ndakanga ndisina simba rokumira ndichimirira chokufambisa. Matramu aimhanya kashoma ipapo. Ndaifanira kumuka kwasara maawa mashoma ndongofamba kuenda kuchikoro. Chishuwo chekuwana dzidzo chaive chakakwirira kudarika usimbe uye hutano husina kunaka ... ".
Mamiriro acho akawedzerwa neimwe njodzi - musoro wemhuri akafa. Dmitry akanga asina chaaigona kuita kunze kwekushanda semuimbi wepiyano paChiedza Tape cinema. Iyi ndiyo imwe yenguva dzakaoma zvikuru muhupenyu hwemaestro. Basa racho rakanga risingazivikanwi kwaari. Mukuwedzera, akagamuchira muhoro muduku, uye aifanira kupa inenge nguva yake yose nesimba. Zvisinei, Shostakovich akanga asina sarudzo, sezvo akatora nzvimbo yemusoro wemhuri.
Basa remuimbi Dmitry Shostakovich
Pashure pokushanda muimba yemitambo kwemwedzi, jaya racho rakaenda kumutungamiriri wacho kuti riwane muhoro waaiwana nokutendeseka. Asi pakanga pane mumwe mugariro unosuruvarisa. Mutungamiriri wacho akatanga kunyara Dmitry nokuda kwekuda kuwana mari. Maererano nemutungamiriri, Shostakovich, semunhu akasika, haafaniri kufunga nezvemari, basa rake nderekugadzira uye kwete kutevera zvinangwa zvepasi. Zvakadaro, maestro akakwanisa kuwana hafu yemuhoro, akamhan'arira vamwe vese kuburikidza nedare.
Munguva iyi yenguva, Dmitry Dmitrievich akanga atozivikanwa mumakwikwi epedyo. Akakokwa kuti atambe manheru mukuyeuka Akim Lvovich. Kubva ipapo, chiremera chake chakasimbiswa.
Muna 1923 akapedza kudzidza nekukudza kubva kuPetrograd Conservatory mupiyano. Uye muna 1925 - mukirasi kuumbwa. Sebasa rekupedza kudzidza, akapa Symphony No. 1. Yaiva iyi yakagadzirwa yakazarura Shostakovich kune vateveri vemimhanzi yekare. Akawana mukurumbira wake wekutanga.
Dmitry Shostakovich: Creative nzira
Mumakore ekuma1930, kumwe kuumbwa kwakajeka nemaestro kwakaratidzwa. Tiri kutaura nezve "Lady Macbeth wedunhu reMtsensk." Panenge panguva ino, aive neinenge mashanu symphonies mune yake repertoire. Mukupera kwema1930, akapa Jazz Suite kuruzhinji.
Haasi munhu wese akatora basa remunyori wechidiki achiyemura. Vamwe vatsoropodzi veSoviet vakatanga kusava nechokwadi netarenda yaDmitry Dmitrievich. Kwaiva kutsoropodza kwakamanikidza Shostakovich kuti afungezve maonero ake pamusoro pebasa rake. Symphony No. 4 haina kuratidzwa kuvanhu padanho rekupedzwa kwayo. Iyo maestro yakamisa kuratidzwa kwechimwe chidimbu chemimhanzi kusvika kuma1960 ezana ramakore rapfuura.
Mushure mekukombwa kweLeningrad, muimbi akafunga kuti akawanda emabasa ake akarasika. Akatanga kudzoreredza zvakanyorwa. Nenguva isipi, makopi ezvikamu zveSymphony No. 4 zvezviridzwa zvose zvakawanikwa muzvinyorwa zvezvinyorwa.
Hondo yakawana maestro muLeningrad. Pakanga pari mukati meiyi nhambo yenguva apo akanga achishingaira kushanda pane rimwe ramabasa ake oumwari. Tiri kutaura nezveSymphony No. 7. Akamanikidzwa kusiya Leningrad, uye akatora naye chinhu chimwe chete - kubudirira kwe symphony. Kuvonga basa iri, Shostakovich akatora pamusoro mimhanzi Olympus. Akava muimbi uye muimbi ane mukurumbira. Vazhinji vatevedzeri vemimhanzi yekare vanoziva Symphony No. 7 se "Leningradskaya".
Kusika mushure mehondo
Pashure pehondo, Dmitry Dmitrievich akabudisa Symphony No. 9. Mharidzo yebasa racho yakaitwa pana November 3, 1945. Makore mashomanana mushure mechiitiko ichi, maestro aiva pakati pevaimbi vakawira mune inonzi "black list". Nziyo dzemunyori, maererano nezviremera, dzakanga dzisingazivikanwi nevanhu veSoviet. Dmitry Dmitrievich akanga atorerwa zita repurofesa, raakagamuchira mukupera kwema1930 ezana remakore rapfuura.
Mukupera kwema1940, maestro akapa Cantata Rwiyo rweMasango. Basa racho rakasangana nezvose zvinodiwa nehurumende yeSoviet. Muzvinyorwa, Dmitry Dmitrievich akaimba pamusoro peU.SR yakaisvonaka uye zviremera, nekuda kwazvaigona kudzorera migumisiro yehondo. Kutenda kuumbwa, maestro akagamuchira Mubairo waStalin. Mukuwedzera, zviremera nevatsoropodzi vakatarisa Shostakovich nemeso akasiyana. Akabviswa pa blacklist.
Muna 1950, munyori wacho akafadzwa nemabasa aBach uye mabasa emupendi Leipzig. Uye akatanga kugadzira 24 preludes uye fugues yepiyano. Vakawanda vanosanganisira zvinyorwa muzvinyorwa zvemabasa anozivikanwa zvikuru eShostakovich.
Nguva pfupi asati afa, Shostakovich akasika mamwe ma symphonies mana. Mukuwedzera, akanyora mabasa akawanda ezwi uye tambo quartets.
Tsanangudzo yehupenyu hwemunhu
Maererano nekuyeuka kwevanhu vepedyo, hupenyu hwehupenyu hwaShostakovich hwakanga husingagoni kuvandudza kwenguva yakareba. Maestro rudo rwekutanga rwaiva Tatyana Glivenko. Akasangana nemusikana muna 1923.
Rwaiva rudo pakutanga. Musikana wacho akadzorera Dmitry uye aitarisira kuroorwa. Shostakovich aive mudiki. Uye haana kushinga kukumbira Tanya. Akashinga kutora danho rakasimba makore matatu gare gare, asi nguva yakanga yapera. Glivenko akaroora mumwe murume wechiduku.
Dmitry Dmitrievich ainetseka zvikuru nekuramba kwaTatyana. Asi mushure mechinguva akazoroora. Nina Vazar akava mudzimai wake wepamutemo. Vakagara vose kwemakore makumi maviri. Mukadzi akaberekera murume vana vaviri. Vasar akafa muna 20.
Mune chimiro chemurume akafirwa, Shostakovich haana kurarama kwenguva refu. Nokukurumidza akaroora Margarita Kainova. Uku kwaive kusanganiswa kwechido chakasimba nemoto. Pasinei nekukwezva kwakasimba kwepabonde, vaviri vacho vaisagona kuva muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Vakabva vasarudza kurambana.
Mukutanga kwema1960 yezana remakore rapfuura, akaroora Irina Supinskaya. Akanga akazvipira kune munyori akakurumbira uye aiva naye kusvikira pakufa kwake.
Zvinofadza chokwadi pamusoro pemunyori Dmitry Shostakovich
- Muupenyu hwake hwose, munyori wacho aiva neukama hwakaoma nevakuru veSoviet. Aiva nesutukesi yaityisa yakarongedzwa kuitira kuti vazongoerekana vauya kuzomubata.
- Akatambura netsika dzakaipa. Kusvikira pakupera kwemazuva ake Dmitry Dmitrievich aisvuta. Mukuwedzera, aida kubhejera uye aigara achitamba nemari.
- Stalin akarayira Shostakovich kunyora rwiyo rweUSSR. Asi pakupedzisira, haana kufarira mashoko acho, uye akasarudza rwiyo rwomumwe munyori.
- Dmitry Dmitrievich akatenda vabereki vake nokuda kwetarenda rake. Amai vairidza piyano, uye baba vaiva muimbi. Shostakovich akanyora rwiyo rwake rwekutanga pazera remakore 9.
- Dmitry Dmitrievich akapinda mazita evanyori makumi mana vakanyanya kuita opera pasi rose. Zvinonakidza kuti gore rega rega kune mitambo ine anopfuura mazana matatu emitambo yake.
Dmitri Shostakovich: Makore Okupedzisira Oupenyu Hwake
Pakati pema1960, maestro akakurumbira akarwara. Vanachiremba veSoviet vakangoramba. Havana kukwanisa kuita chirwere uye vakasimbirira kuti chirwere chacho hachigone kuonekwa. Mudzimai waShostakovich, Irina, akati murume wake akarayirwa zvidzidzo zvevhitamini, asi chirwere chacho chakaramba chichienderera mberi.
Gare gare, vanachiremba vakakwanisa kuziva kurwara kwomunyori wacho. Zvakazoitika kuti Dmitry Dmitrievich aiva nechirwere cheCharcot. Iyo maestro yakarapwa kwete chete neSoviet, asiwo neAmerica vanachiremba. Pane imwe nguva akatoshanyira hofisi yakakurumbira chiremba Ilizarov. Kwenguva yakati, urwere hwakapera. Asi nokukurumidza zviratidzo zvakaoneka, uye hosha yaCharcot yakatanga kufambira mberi zvine simba zvikuru.
Dmitry Dmitrievich akaedza kubata nezviratidzo zvechirwere ichi. Akatora mapiritsi, akapinda mumitambo, akadya zvakanaka, asi chirwere chacho chakanga chakasimba. Muimbi waingonyaradza mimhanzi chete. Aigara achienda kumakonzati kwairidzwa nziyo dzemhando yepamusoro. Pachiitiko chiri chose, aiperekedzwa nomudzimai ane rudo.
Muna 1975 Shostakovich akashanyira Leningrad. Koniti yaizoitirwa muguta guru, paizoridzwa imwe yerudo rwake. Muimbi aiita zverudo akakanganwa matangiro akaita rwiyo. Izvi zvakaita kuti Dmitry Dmitrievich atye. Apo vaviri vacho vakadzokera kumba, Shostakovich akangoerekana arwara. Mudzimai wacho akashevedza vanachiremba, uye vakamuudza kuti aiva nechirwere chemwoyo.
Akafa musi waAugust 9, 1975. Mudzimai anoyeuka kuti musi uyu vaienda kunoona bhora paTV. Kwakanga kwasara maawa mashoma kuti mutambo utange. Dmitry akakumbira Irina kuti aende kunotora tsamba yacho. Apo mudzimai wake akadzoka, Shostakovich akanga atofa. Mutumbi wemaestro wakavigwa kumakuva eNovodevichy.
