Gustav Mahler muimbi, muimbi, kondakita. Munguva yehupenyu hwake, akakwanisa kuva mumwe wevane tarenda kwazvo conductor panyika. Akanga ari mumiriri wezvinonzi "post-Wagner shanu". Tarenda raMahler semunyori akazivikanwa chete mushure mekufa kwaMaestro.
Nhaka yaMahler haina kupfuma, uye ine nziyo uye symphonies. Pasinei neizvi, Gustav Mahler nhasi akabatanidzwa mune rondedzero yevanyori vakanyanya kuita munyika. Vatungamiri vemafirimu havana hanya nebasa re maestro. Mabasa ake anogona kunzwika mumafirimu emazuva ano uye serials.
Basa raGustav ibhiriji rakabatanidza romanticism yezana remakore rechiXNUMX uye yemazuva ano yeXNUMX. Mabasa emaestro akakurudzira vane tarenda Benjamin Britten naDmitri Shostakovich.
Hudiki nehudiki
Tenzi anobva kuBohemia. Akaberekwa muna 1860. Gustav akakurira mumhuri yechiJudha. Vabereki vakarera vana 8. Mhuri yacho yaigara mumamiriro ezvinhu ane mwero. Vabereki vakanga vasina chokuita nokusika.
Gustav akanga akati siyanei nevana vezera rake. Aive mwana akavharika. Paaiva nemakore 4, mhuri yakatamira kuguta reJihlava (kumabvazuva kweCzech Republic). Guta racho raigarwa nevaGermany. Apa akatanga azara neruzha rwebrass band. Vabereki vacho vakaona kuti mwanakomana wavo aiva nenzeve yakanaka pashure pokunge abudisazve mutinhimira wainzwika kuimba yeopera.
Nenguva isipi akakwanisa kuridza piyano. Vabereki pavakaona kuti Gustav aigona kupaza vanhu, vakamubhadhara mudzidzisi wemimhanzi. Pazera remakore gumi, akanyora basa rake rokutanga. Akabva atanga kutamba pachikuva chikuru: akakokwa kuti atore chikamu muchiitiko cheguta.
Muna 1874, vakatanga kutaura nezvake semunyori anovimbisa chaizvo. Gustav, uyo akaororwa norufu rwomunun’una wake, akagadzira opera. Maiwe, manyoro acho haasati avapo.
Akadzidza pane gymnasium. Muchikoro chedzidzo, Mahler akadzidza mimhanzi nemabhuku chete, sezvo pasina chimwe chinhu chaimufadza. Panguva iyoyo, baba vomukomana wacho vakarega kumuona semuimbi uye munyori wenziyo. Aida kumuchinja kuti aite basa rakakura. Mukuru wemhuri akaedza kuendesa mwanakomana wake kuimba yekurovedzera muviri yePrague, asi akaedza.
Ipapo baba vacho vakabva vaita chimwe chinhu. Anopesana nechido chaGustav, akaenda naye kuVienna. Musoro wemhuri akapa mwanakomana wake achitarisirwa naJulius Epstein. Akacherekedza hunyanzvi hwepamusoro hwaMahler. Julius akarayira Gustav kuti apinde muVienna Conservatory. Murume wechidiki akadzidza pasi peEpstein mukirasi yepiyano.
Nzira yekugadzira yemunyori Gustav Mahler
Mahler akanyora mune imwe yetsamba dzake kushamwari yake kuti Vienna yakanga yava nyika yake yechipiri. Apa akakwanisa kuratidza kugona kwake kugadzira. Muna 1881 akatora chikamu muBeethoven Competition yegore negore. Pachikuva, tenzi akapa basa remimhanzi "Rwiyo rwekuchema" kune vanhu vanoda. Aitarisira kuti ndiye aizokunda. Chii chakaodza moyo maestro apo kukunda kwakaenda kuna Robert Fuchs.
Kusiyana nevanhu vakawanda vanogadzira, kukundikana hakuna kukurudzira Gustav kutora chimwe chiito. Akatsamwa kwazvo uye akatombosiya kunyora mabasa emimhanzi kwechinguva. Muimbi haana kutanga kupedzisa opera-tale yakatanga "Ryubetsal".
Akatora nzvimbo yemutungamiriri mune imwe yemitambo muLjubljana. Nenguva isipi Gustav akagamuchira kubatanidzwa paOlmutz. Akamanikidzwa kudzivirira misimboti yeWagnerian yehutungamiriri hweorchestra. Uyezve, basa rake rakaenderera mberi paKarl-Theatre. Muimba yemitambo, akatora nzvimbo yomuimbisi wekwaya.
Muna 1883, maestro akave wechipiri conductor weRoyal Theatre. Akabata chinzvimbo ichi kwemakore akati kuti. Ipapo jaya akadanana muimbi ainzi Johanna Richter. Pasi pemafungiro emukadzi, akanyora kutenderera "Songs of Wandering Apprentice." Vatsoropodzi vemimhanzi vanosanganisira mabasa akaunzwa mune rondedzero yeakanyanya rudo mabasa atenzi.
Pakupera kwema80s, hukama pakati paGustav uye manejimendi emitambo yakaderera. Nemhaka yekurwisana kunogara kuchiitika, akamanikidzwa kusiya basa rake. Akatamira kuPrague. Vanoyemura mumhanzi weclassical vakachingamidza noushamwari Mahler ane tarenda. Apa akatanga kuzviona semuperekedzi nemuimbi aitsvagwa. Akaparadzana neruzhinji rweko. Chibvumirano chakapedzwa neNew Theatre yeLeipzig yemwaka we1886/1887 chakamumanikidza kusiya Prague.
Munyori mukurumbira peak
Mushure mekuratidzwa kwe opera "Three Pintos", iyo maestro yakawira mukuzivikanwa. Mahler akapedza opera naCarl Weber. Basa racho rakazova rakabudirira zvikuru zvokuti kutanga kwakaitika nokukunda pamatanho etheater ane mukurumbira muGermany.
Pakupera kwema80s, Gustav akawana kwete manzwiro anonyanya kufadza. Akatanga kuva nematambudziko pamunhu. Mamiriro epfungwa aiye maestro akasiya zvakawanda zvingadiwa. Akasarudza kuti iyi yakanga iri nguva yakanakisisa yekunyora chidimbu chemimhanzi. Muna 1888, yekutanga yeFirst Symphony yakaitika. Nhasi ndiyo imwe yenziyo dzaGustav dzinonyanya kufarirwa.
Akapedza 2 mwaka achishanda muLeipzig, mushure maizvozvo akasiya guta. Akanga asingadi kubva kuLeipzig kusvika kumagumo. Asi nekuda kwekunetsana nguva dzose nemubatsiri wemutungamiriri, akamanikidzwa kusiya guta. Mahler akagara muBudapest.
Kubudirira mubasa Gustav Mahler
Akagamuchirwa noushamwari panzvimbo yake itsva. Akatungamira Royal Opera. Gustav akagamuchira muhoro wakanaka neaya zviyero. Zvisinei, hazvigoni kutaurwa kuti akararama akapfuma. Mushure mekufa kwemukuru wemhuri naamai, akamanikidzwa kupa mari kune hanzvadzi yake nehanzvadzi.
Asati ajoinha Royal Opera, theatre yakanga iri mumamiriro ezvinhu anotyisa. Gustav akabudirira kushandura opera kuti ive theatre yenyika. Akabvisa vaimbi vevaenzi ndokuumba ochestra yake. Imba yemitambo yakatanga kutamba mitambo yeMozart naWagner. Nenguva isipi, muimbi Lilly Leman akaonekwa muboka rake, uyo akawana nzvimbo yeakanakisa muimbi mudenderedzwa rekugadzira. Aive nemukurumbira nekuda kwenzwi rake rakasiyana neresoprano.
Makore mashomanana gare gare, maestro akagamuchira kokero kubva kuHamburg. Gustav akakokwa kune yechitatu inonyanya kukosha opera danho renyika. Munzvimbo itsva, Mahler akatora chinzvimbo chemutungamiriri uye mutungamiriri webhendi. Haana kufunga nezvemukana wekushanda munhandare ine mukurumbira. Paiva nezvikonzero zveizvi. Iyo Royal Opera ine itsva quartermaster Zichy. Akanga asingadi kuona Gustav ari mukuru weimba yemitambo, sezvo munyori wacho aiva German nenyika.
"Eugene Onegin" ndiyo opera yekutanga iyo Gustav akaronga padanho reHamburg theatre. Mahler aipenga nezvemabasa emuimbi wekuRussia Tchaikovsky, saka akapa zvese izvo iyo yekutanga ye opera yakaita fungidziro yakakodzera kune vateereri. Tchaikovsky akasvika panzvimbo yemitambo kuti atore chimiro chekondakita. Paakaona Mahler kubasa, akafunga kugara. Gare gare, Piotr achadaidza Gustav shasha chaiyo.
MuHamburg, munyori anoburitsa muunganidzwa Mukomana Wemashiripiti Nyanga, zvichibva pabhuku risingazivikanwe renhetembo nevadetembi vedenderedzwa reHeidelberg. Basa racho rakafarirwa kwete chete nevateveri, asiwo nevatsoropodzi.
Nzvimbo itsva
Kubudirira kwebasa raMahler muHamburg kwakaonekwa kunyange muVienna. Hurumende yaida kuona shasha munyika mavo. Muna 1897, Gustav akabhabhatidzwa muchiKaturike. Mugore iroro akasaina chibvumirano neCourt Opera. Akagamuchira chinzvimbo chemuperekedzi wechitatu.
Pashure penguva yakati, Gustav akakwanisa kutora chinzvimbo mutungamiriri weCourt Opera. Mukurumbira wemaestro muVienna wakawedzera. Pamhepo yekubudirira, akapa Fifth Symphony kune vateveri vebasa rake. Basa iri rakakamura nzanga kuva mapoka maviri. Vamwe vakarumbidza Gustav nekuvandudza, vamwe vachipomera pachena Mahler nezvehutsvina uye kuravira kwakashata. Asi maestro pachake akanga asingafariri maonero evanhu venguva yake. Akaburitsa Yechitanhatu, Yechinomwe uye Yesere Symphonies.
Mukuwedzera, Gustav akagadza mitemo mitsva munhandare. Haasi munhu wese aifarira mitemo mitsva yaMahler, asi avo vaida kushanda kuDare Opera vakamanikidzwa kubvuma mamiriro acho. Uye kana vanhu vakambopinda muimba yemitambo vakanzwa vari pamba, ipapo nekuuya kwekutonga kwaGustav, kurambidzwa kupinda munhandare kana kuda kwakatanga.
Akapedza makore anopfuura 10 ehupenyu hwake kune yemitambo. Mumakore achangopfuura, Gustav akanzwa malaise yakasimba, iyo yakakonzerwa nemusana wekunetseka nguva dzose uye purogiramu yebasa rinorema. Akamanikidzwa kusiya basa rake.
Iyo theatre manejimendi yakagadza maestro penjeni ine chimiro chimwe - Mahler haafanire kushanda mune chero yeAustria operas. Akasaina kondirakiti, asi paakaona kuti aizotambira marii, akaodzwa mwoyo. Akaona kuti aifanira kushanda, asi kwete muAustria theaters.
Nokukurumidza akaenda kunoshanda paMetropolitan Opera (New York). Panguva imwecheteyo, iyo yekutanga yebasa "Rwiyo rwePasi" uye yepfumbamwe Symphony yakaitika. Munguva iyi yenguva, basa rake rakapesvedzerwa nemabasa evanyori vakadai saNietzsche, Schopenhauer naDostoyevsky.
Tsanangudzo yehupenyu hwehupenyu hwemunyori Gustav Mahler
Zvechokwadi, maestro aifarirwa nevakadzi. Rudo haruna kungomufuridzira chete, asi rwakaunzawo marwadzo emoyo. Muna 1902, Gustav akatora musikana anonzi Alma Schindler semudzimai wake wepamutemo. Zvakazoitika, iye ane makore 19 mudiki kune murume wake. Mahler akaronga kwaari pazuva rechina. Aruma akaberekera murume wake mwanakomana nemwanasikana.
Hupenyu hwemhuri yevaviri ava hwakafanana nedhill. Vakagarisana zvavo zvakanaka. Mudzimai akatsigira zvaiitwa naGustav. Asi nokukurumidza dambudziko rakauya paimba yavo. Mwanasikana wangu akafa aine makore mana. Maererano nemamiriro ezvinhu ezvakaitika, utano hwomunyori wacho hwakazununguswa zvikuru. Vanachiremba vakati akanga ane zvinetso zvakakomba zvemwoyo. Akabva anyora bhuku rinonzi "Nziyo dzevana vakafa."
Upenyu hwemhuri hwakaparara. Aruma, uyo akasangana nekumwe kurasikirwa kukuru muupenyu hwake, akangoerekana aona kuti akanga akanganwa zvachose nezve matarenda ehujaya hwake. Mukadzi akanyungudika mumurume wake uye akarega zvachose kukura. Asati asangana naGustav, aive muimbi aitsvakwa.
Mahler akakurumidza kuziva kuti mudzimai wake akanga asina kutendeka kwaari. Akadanana nemumwe mugadziri wenzvimbo. Pasinei neizvi, vaviri vacho havana kuparadzana. Vakaramba vachigara pasi pedenga rimwechete kusvikira parufu rwemaestro.
Zvinofadza chokwadi pamusoro pemunyori
- Akakura ari mwana akavharwa. Rimwe zuva baba vake vakamusiya musango kwemaawa mashoma. Mukuru wemhuri paakadzokera panzvimbo imwe chete, akaona kuti mwanakomana akanga asina kana kuchinja.
- Alma Mahler, mushure mekufa kwemurume wake, akaroorwa kaviri - kune mugadziri V. Gropius uye munyori F. Werfel.
- Akanga ari wechipiri pavana 14, vatanhatu bedzi vavo vakanga vakarongedzerwa kukura.
- Mahler aida nzendo refu uye kushambira mumvura ine chando.
- Muimbi akatambura nekushushikana kwekutya, kusava nechokwadi uye kushushikana nerufu.
- Beyoncé ihama iri kure yatenzi. Nyeredzi yeAmerica inodada zvakanyanya nezve chokwadi cheukama.
- Gustav Mahler's Symphony No. 3 inotora maminitsi makumi mapfumbamwe nemashanu. Ichi ndicho chimedu chakareba kupfuura zvese murwiyo rwemunyori.
Kufa kwaGustav Mahler
Mumakore ekupedzisira ehupenyu hwake, munyori akanzwa achirwara. Akashanda nesimba uye akasangana nemamiriro ezvinhu anoshungurudza akawanda akakanganisa mamiriro ake ose. Muna 1910, mamiriro acho ezvinhu akawedzera zvachose.
Akatambura nhevedzano yetonsillitis. Pasinei neizvi, akaramba achishanda nesimba. Kwapera gore, akamira paconsole, achiridza chirongwa chaisanganisira nziyo dzevaItaria vakakurumbira.
Nenguva isipi njodzi yakaitika. Akabatwa nechirwere chinotapukira chakakonzera endocarditis. Kukanganisika kwacho kwakaurayisa munyori wacho. Akafira mukiriniki yeVienna muna 1911.
Mhemberero dzekuonekana dzakapindwa nemazana evateveri, vatsoropodzi vanoremekedzwa uye maartist anoremekedzwa. Akavigwa pedyo nemwanasikana wake, uyo akafa achiri mucheche. Mutumbi waGustav unozorora mumakuva eGrinzing.
Fans vanoda kuverenga biography yaMahler vanogona kuona director Ken Russell's biopic. Robert Powell - akaburitsa zvine hungwaru hunhu hwaive hwekuzvarwa mune maestro.
