Anozivikanwa pasi rose se "First Lady of Song", Ella Fitzgerald ane nharo mumwe wevakadzi vakanyanya kuimba nguva dzose. Aine izwi repamusoro-soro, rakasiyana uye rakakwana diction, Fitzgerald aivewo nepfungwa yekudzungaira, uye nehunyanzvi hwake hwekuimba hwekuimba aikwanisa kumira kune chero wenguva yake.
Pakutanga akawana mukurumbira senhengo yebhendi rakarongwa nedhiramu Chick Webb muma1930s. Pamwe chete vakarekodha rwiyo rwe "A-Tisket, A-Tasket", uyezve muma1940, Ella akawana kuzivikanwa kwakakura nekuda kwekuita kwake jazz muJazz kumabhendi ePhilharmonic neDizzy Gillespie's Big Band.
Achishanda nemugadziri uye maneja wenguva-pfupi Norman Grantz, akawana kunyanya kuzivikanwa nekutevedzana kwake kwemaarubhamu akagadzirwa paVerve yekurekodha studio. Iyo studio yakashanda nevanyori vakasiyana-siyana, avo vanonzi "Great American Songwriters".
Mubasa rake remakore makumi mashanu, Ella Fitzgerald akawana maGrammy Awards gumi nematatu, akatengesa anopfuura mamirioni makumi mana emaarubhamu, uye akawana mibairo yakawanda inosanganisira National Medal of Arts nePresidential Medal of Freedom.
Fitzgerald, semunhu akakosha zvikuru mutsika, ane simba risingayerike mukusimudzira jazz nemimhanzi yakakurumbira uye anoramba ari mubhedha wevateveri uye maartist makumi emakore mushure mekubva kwake pachikuva.
Musikana akapona sei mumatambudziko uye kurasikirwa kunotyisa
Fitzgerald akaberekwa muna 1917 muNewport News, Virginia. Akakurira mumhuri yevashandi muYonkers, New York. Vabereki vake vakaparadzana nguva pfupi achangozvarwa, uye akanyanya kurerwa naamai vake Temperance "Tempy" Fitzgerald uye mukomana waamai Joseph "Joe" Da Silva.
Musikana wacho aivawo nehanzvadzi duku, Frances, akaberekwa muna 1923. Kuti abatsire mhuri nemari, Fitzgerald aiwanzowana mari kubva kumabasa asinganzwisisike, kusanganisira nguva nenguva kuita mari kubheja vanobhejera veko.
Sewechidiki aizvivimba zvakanyanya, Ella aishingaira mumitambo uye aiwanzotamba mitambo yebaseball yemuno. Achifurirwa naamai vake, aifarirawo kuimba nekutamba, uye akapedza maawa akawanda achiimba pamwe chete nemarekodhi naBing Crosby, Conna Boswell nehanzvadzi dzeBoswell. Musikana wacho aiwanzotorawo chitima ndokuenda kuguta riri pedyo kuti aone shoo neshamwari paApollo Theatre muHarlem.
Muna 1932, amai vake vakafa kubva mukukuvadzwa kwakaitwa mutsaona yemotokari. Achiodzwa mwoyo zvikuru nekurasikirwa, Fitzgerald akapinda munguva yakaoma. Ipapo aigara achirovha chikoro ndokupinda munyatwa nemapurisa.
Akazoendeswa kuchikoro chekuchinja, uko Ella akabatwa zvisina kufanira nevachengeti vake. Pakupedzisira akasununguka kubva mujeri, akapedzisira ava muNew York pakati peKuderera Kukuru.
Pasinei nematambudziko ose, Ella Fitzgerald akashanda nokuti aitevera kurota kwake uye rudo rusingaenzaniswi rwekuita.
Makwikwi uye kukunda Ella Fitzgerald
Muna 1934, akapinda uye akahwina mukwikwidzi weApollo, achiimba "Judy" naHody Carmichael muchimiro chechidhori chake, Conne Boswell. Saxophonist Benny Carter aive nebhendi manheru iwayo, achitora wechidiki muimbi pasi pebapiro rake uye achimukurudzira kuti aenderere mberi nebasa rake.
Mamwe makwikwi akatevera, uye muna 1935 Fitzgerald akakunda kutengeserana kwevhiki-refu naTeeny Bradshaw paHarlem Opera House. Ikoko akasangana nechigubhu chine simba Chick Webb, uyo akabvuma kumuedza nebhendi rake kuYale. Akakwezva chaunga uye akapedza makore mashoma akatevera aine mutambi wengoma akazova muchengeti wake wepamutemo uye akagadzira patsva show yake kuti aratidze muimbi wechidiki.
Mukurumbira webhendi uyu wakakura zvakanyanya nevaFitzgeralds pavakanga vachitonga kurwa kwemabhendi muSavoy, uye vakaburitsa akatevedzana emabasa paDecca 78s, vachirova "A Tisket-A-Tasket" muna 1938 uye B-side single "T" aint Zvaunoita (Ndiyo Nzira Yaunozviita)", pamwe ne "Liza" uye "Undecided".
Sezvo basa remuimbi richikura, hutano hwaWebb hwakatanga kuderera. Mumakore ake makumi matatu, mutambi wedhiramu, uyo akatambura necongenital spinal tuberculosis muhupenyu hwake hwose, ari kunyatsopera kubva kuneta mushure mekutamba mitambo. Zvisinei, akaramba achishanda, achitarisira kuti boka rake raizoramba richiita panguva yeKuderera Kukuru Kwemari.
Muna 1939, nguva pfupi mushure mekuvhiyiwa kukuru paJohns Hopkins Hospital muBaltimore, Maryland, Webb akafa. Mushure mekufa kwake, Fitzgerald akaramba achitungamirira boka rake nekubudirira kukuru kusvika muna 1941, paakasarudza kutanga basa rega.
New hit zvinyorwa
Tichiri paDecca label, Fitzgerald akabatana zvakare neInk Spots, Louis Jordan neDelta Rhythm Boys pamitambo yakawanda. Muna 1946, Ella Fitzgerald akatanga kushanda nguva dzose kumutungamiriri wejazi Norman Grantz paPhilharmonic.
Kunyangwe Fitzgerald aiwanzoonekwa semuimbi wepop panguva yake naWebb, akatanga kuyedza ne "scat" kuimba. Iyi nzira inoshandiswa mu jazz kana mutambi achitevedzera zviridzwa nezwi rake.
Fitzgerald akatenderera nebhendi hombe reDizzy Gillespie uye nekukasika akatora bebop (jazz style) sechikamu chakakosha chemufananidzo wake. Muimbi uyu akadzikisawo maseti ake epamoyo nearidzwa ega, izvo zvakashamisa vateereri uye zvakamupa ruremekedzo kubva kune vamwe vake vaimbi.
Zvinyorwa zvake zve "Lady Be Good", "How High the Moon" uye "Flying Home" kubva muna 1945-1947 zvakaburitswa kuti zvikudzwe zvikuru uye zvakabatsira kusimbisa chimiro chake semuimbi mukuru wejazz.
Hupenyu hwemunhu hunosanganiswa nebasa raElla Fitzgerald
Paaishanda naGillespie, akasangana nebassist Ray Brown ndokumuroora. Ray aigara naElla kubva 1947 kusvika 1953, panguva iyo muimbi wacho aigara achiimba nevatatu vake. Vaviri ava vakatorawo mwanakomana, Ray Brown Jr. (akaberekwa naFitzgerald's half-hanzvadzi Francis muna 1949), uyo akaenderera mberi nebasa rake semupiyano uye muimbi.
Muna 1951, muimbi akabatana neanoridza piyano Ellis Larkins kune Ella Sings Gershwin album, kwaakadudzira nziyo dzaGeorge Gershwin.
Chinyorwa chitsva - Verve
Mushure mekuonekwa kwake muPete Kelly's The Blues muna 1955, Fitzgerald akasaina naNorman Grantz's Verve label. Maneja wake wenguva refu Granz akanyatso kurudzira Verve nechinangwa chega chekuratidza izwi rake zviri nani.
Kutanga muna 1956 neSings the Cole Porter Songbook, aizorekodha zvakawanda zvakatevedzana zveMabhuku eNziyo, achidudzira mimhanzi yevanyori vakuru vekuAmerica vanosanganisira Cole Porter, George naIra Gershwin, Rodgers & Hart, Duke Ellington, Harold Arlen, Jerome Kern naJohnny. Mercer.
Iwo maalbhamu ane mukurumbira akawana Fitzgerald ake ekutanga maGrammys muna 1959 na1958 akawedzera kukwidziridza chimiro chake semumwe wevaimbi vakuru venguva dzese.
Kuburitswa kwekutanga kwakateverwa nemamwe aizongove maarubhamu echinyakare, kusanganisira rake ra1956 rakarohwa naLouis Armstrong "Ella & Louis", pamwe na1957's Like Someone in Love uye 1958's "Porgy and Bess" zvakare naArmstrong.
Pasi peGranz, Fitzgerald aitenderera nguva zhinji, achiburitsa maalbum akawanda anozivikanwa. Pakati pavo, muma1960, mutambo we "Mack the Knife" umo akakanganwa mazwi uye akavandudza. Imwe yeabhamu yakatengeswa zvakanyanya yebasa rake, "Ella muBerlin", yakapa muimbi mukana wekugamuchira Mubairo weGrammy weBest Vocal Performance. Iyo albhamu yakazopinzwa muGrammy Hall of Fame muna 1999.
Verve akatengeswa kuMGM muna 1963, uye muna 1967 Fitzgerald akazviwana achishanda asina kondirakiti. Kwemakore mashoma akatevera, akarekodha nziyo dzemavara akati wandei akadai seCapitol, Atlantic uye Reprise. Ma Albums ake akashandukawo nekufamba kwemakore achivandudza repertoire yake nenziyo dzemazuva ano dzepop nedzedombo seCream's "Sunshine of Your Love" uye Beatles' "Hey Jude".
Kushandira Pablo Records
Nekudaro, makore ake akazotevera akacherechedzwa zvakare nepesvedzero yaGranz mushure mekunge atanga iyo yakazvimirira label Pablo Records. The live album Jazz kuSanta Monica Civic '72, iyo yairatidza Ella Fitzgerald, pianist Tommy Flanagan, uye Count Basie Orchestra, yakawana mukurumbira kuburikidza nekutengesa tsamba-odha uye yakabatsira kutangisa zita raGranz.
Mamwe maalbum akateverwa mukati memakore makumi manomwe nema70s, mazhinji acho aibatanidza muimbi nevatambi vakaita saBasie, Oscar Peterson naJoe Pass.
Nepo chirwere cheshuga chamukanganisa pameso nepamwoyo, zvichimumanikidza kutora zororo kubva mukuridza, Fitzgerald agara akachengeta chimiro chake chekufara uye kunzwa kukuru. Kure kubva pachikuva, akazvipira kubatsira vechidiki vanotambura uye akabatsira kune akasiyana siyana anoyamura.
Muna 1979, akagamuchira Medal of Honor kubva kuKennedy Center yePerforming Arts. Zvakare muna 1987, Mutungamiri Ronald Reagan akamupa National Medal of Arts.
Mimwe mibairo yakatevera, kusanganisira mubairo we "Commander in Arts and Literacy" kubva kuFrance, pamwe neakawanda ekuremekedza doctorates kubva kuYale, Harvard, Dartmouth, nemamwe masangano.
Mushure mekonzati paCarnegie Hall yeNew York muna 1991, akaenda pamudyandigere. Fitzgerald akafa musi waChikumi 15, 1996 kumba kwake muBeverly Hills, California. Mumakumi emakore kubva parufu rwake, mukurumbira waFitzgerald semumwe weakanyanya kupesvedzera uye anozivikanwa nhamba mujazz uye mimhanzi yakakurumbira yakawedzera.
Anoramba ari zita repamba pasirese uye akawana mibairo yakati wandei mushure mekufa, kusanganisira Grammy uye Presidential Medal of Freedom.
