Alfred Schnittke muimbi akakwanisa kuita basa rakakosha kumumhanzi wekirasi. Akatora nzvimbo semunyori, muimbi, mudzidzisi uye nyanzvi yemimhanzi. Nziyo dzaAlfred dzinonzwika mumabhaisikopo emazuva ano. Asi kazhinji mabasa emuimbi ane mukurumbira anogona kunzwika mumitambo yemitambo uye nzvimbo dzemakonzati.
Akafamba zvikuru munyika dzokuEurope. Schnittke airemekedzwa kwete chete munhoroondo yokumusha kwake, asiwo kunze kwenyika. Chinhu chikuru cheSchnittke chaiva chimiro chakasiyana uye chepakutanga.
Alfred Schnittke: Hudiki uye Vechidiki
Remangwana munyori akaberekwa November 24, 1934 muguta Engels. Sezvineiwo, vabereki vemukuru wenyanzvi aiva nemidzi yechiJudha. Taundi rokumusha romukuru wemhuri rakanga riri Frankfurt am Main. Pakatanga Hondo Yenyika Yechipiri, mhuri yakamanikidzwa kutamira kuguta guru. Ambuya nasekuru vaigarapo. Uku kwaiva kuponesa mhuri.
Schnittke akakurira mumhuri huru. Mukuwedzera kwaari, vabereki vake vakarera vamwe vana vatatu. Alfred aitaura zvinhu zvakanaka chete nezvemhuri yake. Vaiva noushamwari uye vaiedza kutsigirana muhondo yakaoma uye munguva dzapashure pehondo. Ipapo mhuri yakamanikidzwa kurongedza zvinhu zvinodiwa uye kutamira kuMoscow. Vabereki vakadzidzisa vana chiGerman, nepo vanasekuru navanasekuru vaidzidzisa zvinhu zvinokosha zvemutauro wechiRussian.
Mukomana muduku ane tarenda akatanga kubatanidzwa mumimhanzi kubva pazera remakore 11. Pashure pehondo, mhuri huru yakatamira kuVienna. Ichi chaiva chiyero chaidiwa. Musoro wemhuri une rombo rakanaka. MuVienna, akatora chinzvimbo chemunyori webhuku rakakurumbira rinonzi Österreichische Zeitung.
Panharaunda yeAustria, Alfred akapedza kudzidza kubva kuchikoro chemimhanzi pakati pemakore ekuma1940 ezana remakore rapfuura. Kuvandudzwa kwekusika kwakazoita kuti ave nechokwadi chekuti aive mugwara chairo. Makore mashomanana gare gare, mhuri yekwaSchnittke yakanga yadzokera pamasutukesi. Vakatamira kuMoscow. Amai nababa vakawana mabasa pabepanhau reko. Uye Alfred akaramba achijairana nemimhanzi.
Mukupera kwema1950, jaya rakanga rakabata dhipuroma mukuumbwa kubva kuMoscow Conservatory. Akabva aenda kunopedza chikoro. Mukutanga 1960s yezana remakore rapfuura, Alfred akadzidzisa "Kuverenga zvibodzwa" uye "Instrumentation". Mudzidzisi nemaune haana kutora vanhu vakawanda muboka rake kuti ape nguva yakawanda kumudzidzi mumwe nomumwe.
Akabva ava chikamu cheUnion of Composers. Basa racho harina kupa Schnittke mari yakawanda, saka akatora zvinyorwa zvebhaisikopo. Pasinei nebasa rakakosha, haana kusiya madziro enzvimbo yedzidzo kwaaidzidzisa.
Nzira yekugadzira yaAlfred Schnittke
Alfred - munyori akadzama uyo, mukusika kwake biography, akaedza kunzwisisa munhu uye hunhu hwake. Aitaura zvaakasangana nazvo mumabasa ake. Zvakaitika, kutya, kutsvaga chokwadi uye zvinoreva hupenyu hwevanhu - idzi misoro yakabatwa naSchnittke muzvinyorwa zvake. Mune zvisikwa zvemuimbi, yakasarudzika symbiosis yenhamo uye comic yakagadzirwa.
Akava musiki wezwi rokuti "polystylistics" (musanganiswa weaesthetics yakasiyana). Mukutanga 1970s, Alfred akasika debut yake ballet, yainzi Labyrinths. Mai vake vakabva vafa. Mukurangarira kwake, munyori akanyora piano quintet, iyo nhasi inozivikanwa kuvanhu se "Munyori weBasa".
Akashanda nesimba panzira yealeatorics. Muchidimbu zvinyorwa zvakanyorwa neiyi nzira, unogona kuwana yakakura yakawanda nzvimbo yekuvandudza. Mabasa akadaro haaganhurwe nemapuranga.
Muchiitiko ichi, kuumbwa kwe "First Symphony" muenzaniso wakanaka. Basa racho rakatanga kuitwa nekuda kweakanakisa conductor Gennady Rozhdestvensky. Sezvineiwo, mhando yemimhanzi iyi yaifarirwa nemunhu wese. Uyezve, iyo classical kuumbwa kwaionekwa seyakakura. Nokudaro, kuumbwa kwe "First Symphony" hakuna kuitwa mumitambo yeSt. Petersburg neMoscow. Mharidzo yaro yakaitika munharaunda yeNizhny Novgorod.
Basa raAlfred Schnittke raive rekutanga uye rekutanga, nekuti rakanga risina zvirambidzo zvemhando uye stylistic. Mukupera kwema1970, shasha yakapa Concerto Grosso Nhamba 1 kuvateveri vemimhanzi yemhando yepamusoro. Alfred Schnittke akava nemukurumbira kure kure nemiganhu yenyika yake.
Schnittke akafadzwa ne polystylistics. Akafemerwa nekunzwika kwerwiyo rwechivanhu. Afadzwa nemabasa akadaro, maestro akanyora Der Sonnengesang des Franz von Assisi. Vateereri vaida chaizvo vakagamuchira chinyorwa chitsva ichi neshungu.
Alfred Schnittke: Zvinyorwa Zvitsva
Nenguva isipi mharidzo yenziyo "Second Symphony" yakaitika, uye mamwe akawanda akatevera. Mugore iroro akashanyira Paris Opera. Akabatanidzwa mukugadzirwa kwe opera The Queen of Spades.
Mushure mekunge Algis Žiuraitis aziva kuti opera iri kuronga kurova The Queen of Spades, akaburitsa chinyorwa chinotsamwisa. Mutevedzeri weBolshoi Theatre, Lyubimov, haana kusunungurwa kubva kuU.SR kuti aite kudzidzira kwechipfeko. Saka, iyo yekutanga ye opera The Queen of Spades haina kuitika. Chete mukutanga kwema1990, pfungwa yevasiki yakashandurwa kuita chokwadi. Iyo yekutanga yakaitika muKarlsruhe. Pakupera kwema1990, vatambi vemitambo vekuMoscow vakafarira mukugadzirwa kwe opera The Queen of Spades.
Iyo yepamusoro yemukurumbira wemunyori
Zvinowanzogamuchirwa kuti kukwirira kwekuzivikanwa kwaSchnittke kwaiva muma1980 ezana remakore rapfuura. Ipapo ndipo apo maestro akaburitsa cantata Nhoroondo yaDr Johann Faust. Zvinokosha kuziva kuti Schnittke akashanda pakusikwa kweiyo yakaunzwa kuumbwa kwemakore anopfuura gumi. Vatsoropodzi uye vanoyemura maestro vakagamuchira nemoyo wose hutsva.
Pakati pema1980, maestro akaburitsa Cello Concerto No. Kwapera gore, akagovera mamwe mabasa anoshamisa eFifth Symphony and Concerto Grosso No. 1. Gare gare, muchinyoreso chake akabuda:
- "Matatu matatu eminamato yeOrthodox";
- "Concerto for the mixed choir on the verses of G. Narekatsi";
- "Nhetembo dzeKupfidza".
Tarenda remunyori akangwara rakakosheswa padanho repamusoro. Hachisi chakavanzika kuti akasiya nhaka yakapfuma. Akanyora ma ballet uye maopera, anopfuura gumi nemaviri concertos, mapfumbamwe symphonies, mana violin concertos. Akave nenhamba yakakosha yemimhanzi inoperekedzwa yeopera nemabhaisikopo.
Pakati pe-1980s, tarenda raSchnittke rakazivikanwa padanho repamusoro. Akava "Anoremekedzwa Artist of RSFSR". Mukuwedzera, munyori wenziyo akagara akabata mibayiro yakakurumbira uye mibayiro mumaoko ake.
Tsanangudzo yehupenyu hwehupenyu hwemunyori Alfred Schnittke
Pasinei nehupenyu hwekusika hwakabatikana, Schnittke akawana nguva yerudo. Akaroorwa kaviri. Mubatanidzwa wekutanga wemhuri wakaitika pazera diki. Rwaiva rudo pakutanga. Mudzimai wemunyori akakurumbira aiva musikana ainzi Galina Koltsova. Mhuri yacho haina kugara kwenguva refu. Vakabva varambana.
Muzita rerudo, Schnittke akatyora tsika dzekudzidzisa. Akadanana nemudzidzi wake Irina Kataeva. Maestro akatorwa moyo nerunako rwemusikana uyu. Pasina nguva mhuri yakakura nemunhu mumwe chete. Irina akabereka mugari wenhaka wemunyori. Mwanakomana wacho ainzi Andrew.
Schnittke kakawanda akataura kuti Ira Kataeva aiva rudo rwehupenyu hwake. Mhuri yaigara murunyararo uye nerudo. Vaviri vacho vakanga vasingaparadzanisiki kusvikira pakuguma kwehupenyu hwemukurumbira maestro.
Chokwadi chinofadza
- Akanyora mimhanzi yemafirimu anopfuura makumi matatu.
- Mukutanga kwema1990, Alfred akapiwa Lenin Prize. Asi akazviramba nezvikonzero zvake.
- Imwe yephilharmonics, iyo iri muSaratov, inonzi zita raAlfred Schnittke.
- Anoverengeka autobiographical mafirimu akaitwa nezvehupenyu hweakakurumbira maestro.
- Munyori akafa muGermany, asi akavigwa muguta guru Russia.
Makore ekupedzisira ehupenyu hwemunyori
Muna 1985, maestro akatambura sitiroko dzakawanda. Utano hwemunyori ane mukurumbira hwakaipa, asi pasinei neizvi, akaramba achishanda nesimba. Mukutanga kwema1990, iye nemudzimai wake vakatamira kundima yeHamburg. Ikoko munyori akadzidzisa pachikoro chepamusoro.
Muna August 1998, maestro akatambura imwe sitiroko, izvo zvakakonzera rufu. August 3, 1998 akafa. Mutumbi waSchnittke unozorora paNovodevichy Cemetery muMoscow.
