Mikhail Gnesin - muimbi weSoviet uye wokuRussia, muimbi, ruzhinji chimiro, mutsoropodzi, mudzidzisi. Kwebasa refu rekugadzira, akagamuchira mibairo yakawanda yehurumende uye mibayiro.
Airangarirwa nevekwake kutanga semudzidzisi uye mudzidzisi. Akaita basa rekudzidzisa uye mimhanzi-kudzidzisa. Gnesin akatungamira denderedzwa munzvimbo dzetsika dzeRussia.
Hudiki nehudiki
Zuva rekuzvarwa kwemunyori ndiNdira 21, 1883. Mikhail akaita rombo rakanaka kurerwa mumhuri yakangwara uye yekugadzira.
VaGnessins vamiririri vemhuri huru yevaimbi. Vakabatsira zvikuru mukusimudzira tsika dzemunyika yavo. Little Mikhail akanga akakomberedzwa nematarenda akasimba. Hanzvadzi dzake dzakanyorwa sevaimbi vaivimbisa. Vakadzidziswa muguta guru.
Amai vakanga vasina kudzidza havana kuramba kufara kwekuimba nekuridza mimhanzi. Inzwi rinoyevedza remukadzi uyu rakanyanya kuseka Mikhail. Munun'una waMikhail akava nyanzvi yekuita. Nokudaro, inenge nhengo dzose dzemhuri dzakazviona mumabasa ekugadzira.
Apo nguva yakasvika, Mikhail akatumirwa kuchikoro Petrovsky chaiye. Munguva iyi yenguva, anotora zvidzidzo zvemimhanzi kubva kumudzidzisi wenyanzvi.
Gnesin akakwezvwa nekuvandudzwa. Nenguva isipi anonyora chidimbu chemumhanzi wemunyori, uyo akagamuchira wongororo yerumbidzo kubva kumudzidzisi wemimhanzi. Mikhail akasiyaniswa kubva kune vezera rake nekunzwisisa kukuru. Mukuwedzera kumimhanzi, aifarira mabhuku, nhoroondo, ethnography.
Ava pedyo nezera rekuzvarwa rechi17, akazogutsikana kuti aida kuva muimbi uye munyori wenziyo. Mhuri huru yakatsigira chisarudzo chaMichael. Nokukurumidza akaenda kuMoscow kunotora dzidzo.
Jaya racho rakashamiswa zvikuru apo vadzidzisi vakarirayira kuti “ridze” zivo. Kubatana kwemhuri hakuna kubatsira Mikhail kuti ave mudzidzi panzvimbo yekuchengetedza. Hanzvadzi dzeGnessin dzakadzidza pachikoro ichi.
Ipapo akaenda kuguta guru retsika reRussia. Mikhail akaratidza mabasa ekutanga kune yakakurumbira munyori Lyadov. Maestro, akapa mubairo jaya nekudzokorora kunonakidza kwemabasa ake. Akamupa zano rokupinda muSt. Petersburg Conservatory.
Kubvumirwa kwaGnesin kune Conservatory
Pakutanga kwezana remakore idzva, Mikhail Gnesin akanyorera kuSt. Petersburg Conservatory. Vadzidzisi vakaona tarenda maari, uye akanyoreswa muFaculty of Theory and Composition.
Mudzidzisi mukuru uye muperekedzi wejaya aiva munyori Rimsky-Korsakov. Kukurukurirana kwaGnesin nemaestro kwakamukurudzira zvikuru. Kusvikira pakufa kwaMikhail, aifunga kuti mudzidzisi wake uye muperekedzi aive akanaka. Hazvishamisi kuti mushure mekufa kwaRimsky-Korsakov, ndiye Gnesin uyo akagadzirisa shanduro yekupedzisira.
Muna 1905, muimbi ane tarenda uye anoshuvira muimbi akatora chikamu mukuchinja maitiro. Panyaya iyi, akasungwa uye akadzingwa kubva kuConservatory mukunyadziswa. Chokwadi, gore rakatevera akanyoreswa zvakare muchikoro chedzidzo.
Mukati meiyi nhambo yenguva, akava rutivi rwedenderedzwa rezvinyorwa zvokufananidzira. Kutenda kubatwa kwemanheru ekufananidzira, akakwanisa kuzivana nevadetembi vakajeka ve "Silver Age". Gnesin - akanga ari pakati pehupenyu hwetsika, uye izvi hazvigone kuratidzwa mubasa rake rekutanga.
Anonyora mimhanzi yenhetembo dzekufananidzira. Zvakare panguva iyi yenguva, anonyora zvinyorwa zvinobaya mwoyo. Anogadzira nzira yakasarudzika yekupa mimhanzi.
Nziyo dzinoshanda dzakagadzirwa naMikhail kumashoko eSymbolists, pamwe chete nedzimwe nziyo dzeiyo inonzi "Symbolist" nguva, ndiyo inonyanya kusimba yenhaka ye maestro.
Ipapo ndipo paakatanga kufarira njodzi yechiGiriki. Ruzivo rutsva runotungamira munyori kugadzira mataurirwo emumhanzi echinyorwa. Panguva imwecheteyo, munyori akasika mimhanzi yematambudziko matatu.
Muguta guru retsika reRussia, mabasa emimhanzi-akakosha uye esainzi akatanga maestro. Anobudiswa mumagazini akawanda. Mikhail akataura zvakanaka pamusoro pematambudziko emimhanzi yemazuva ano, maitiro ayo enyika mune unyanzvi, pamwe chete nemisimboti ye symphony.
Mikhail Gnesin: mabasa ekudzidzisa emunyori
Mukurumbira wemunyori ari kuwedzera. Mabasa ake haafariri muRussia chete, asiwo kunze kwenyika. Pashure pokunge apedza kufunda paimba yokuchengeta tsika, zita rake rakanyorwa pabhodhi ravakapedza kufunda vakatanhamara.
Zvose zvaizova zvakanaka, asi Mikhail Gnesin anoona chiedza chakanaka sechinangwa chikuru chehupenyu hwake. Stravinsky, uyo panguva iyoyo akanga ari chikamu cheshamwari dzake dzepedyo, akarayira Gnesin kuti aende kunze kwenyika, sezvo, mumaonero ake, Mikhail akanga asina chaaigona kubata munyika yake. Muimbi anopindura zvinotevera: “Ndichaenda kumapurovhinzi ndonoita zvedzidzo.
Nokukurumidza akaenda Krasnodar, uye ipapo Rostov. Hupenyu hwetsika hweguta hwakachinja zvachose kubva pakusvika kweGnesin. Muimbi aive nemaitiro ake ega ekusimudzirwa kwetsika kweguta.
Anogara achironga mitambo yemimhanzi uye hurukuro. Nerubatsiro rwake, zvikoro zvakawanda zvemimhanzi, maraibhurari, uye gare gare, nzvimbo yekuchengetedza yakavhurwa muguta. Michael akava mukuru wesangano redzidzo. Hondo Yenyika Yekutanga uye Hondo Yenyika haina kudzivirira munyori kubva pakuona zvirongwa zvakanakisisa.
Mukutanga kwe20s yezana ramakore rapfuura, akagara kwenguva pfupi mudzimba dzeumbozha muBerlin. Muimbi aive nemukana wese wekudzika midzi munyika ino zvachose. Panguva iyoyo, vatsoropodzi vokuEurope uye vanoda mimhanzi vakanga vakagadzirira kugamuchira maestro uye kunyange kumupa chizvarwa.
Gnesin mabasa muMoscow
Asi, akakwezvwa neRussia. Imwe nguva gare gare, pamwe chete nemhuri yake, anotamira zvachose kuMoscow kuti abatane nebhizimisi rakatanga nehanzvadzi dzake.
Mikhail Fabianovich anobatana nehupenyu hwechikoro chechikoro. Anovhura dhipatimendi rekugadzira uye anoshandisa dzidziso nyowani ipapo. Mune maonero ake, zvakakosha kuita basa rekunyora nziyo nevadzidzi pakarepo, uye kwete mushure mekuita dzidziso. Gare gare, maestro achaburitsa bhuku rose rinozozvipira kune iyi nyaya.
Mukuwedzera, zvidzidzo zvevana zvakatangwa pachikoro cheGnesins. Izvi zvisati zvaitika, mubvunzo wemhando yakadaro yekudzidzisa waionekwa sehupenzi, asi Mikhail Gnesin akagutsikana nevamwe vake nezvekunaka kwekudzidza nezera diki.
Gnesin haasiye madziro eMoscow Conservatory. Nenguva isipi akave mukuru wedhipatimendi idzva rekunyora. Mukuwedzera, iyo maestro inotungamirira kirasi yekunyora.
Mikhail Gnesin: kuderera mukuita pasi pekurwiswa kweRAMP
Pakupera kwema20s, chigumbuso chehasha chakatangwa nevaridzi vemimhanzi - RAPM. Sangano reVaimbi rinotora midzi muhupenyu hwetsika uye rinohwina zvinzvimbo zvehutungamiriri. Vazhinji vanosiya nzvimbo yavo pamberi pekurwisa kwevamiriri veRAPM, asi izvi hazvishande kuna Mikhail.
Gnesin, uyo asina kumbovhara muromo wake, akapokana naRAMP munzira dzese. Avo, zvakare, vanobudisa zvinyorwa zvenhema pamusoro paMikhail. Muimbi wacho akamiswa basa kuMoscow Conservatory uye akatokumbira kuvharwa kwefaculty yaaitungamirira. Mimhanzi yaMikhail munguva ino inonzwika zvishoma uye zvishoma. Vari kuedza kumubvisa panyika.
Munyori haaregi. Anonyora zvichemo kuvakuru vakuru. Gnesin akatotendeukira kuna Stalin kuti awane rubatsiro. Dzvinyiriro yeRAPM yakapera mukutanga kwema30. Chaizvoizvo ipapo sangano rakaparara.
Pashure peKumukira kwaOctober, vamwe vaimbi vakaita mabasa asingafi emunyori wacho. Zvishoma nezvishoma, zvisinei, zvinyorwa zvemaestro zvinonzwika zvishoma uye zvishoma kakawanda. Nhetembo dzeSymbolists dzakawirawo mu "black list", uye panguva imwecheteyo, kupinda pachikuva kwakavharwa kune zverudo zvemunyori weRussia zvakanyorwa panhetembo dzavo.
Michael anosarudza kunonoka. Munguva iyi yenguva, haatombogadziri mabasa matsva. Mukutanga kwema30, akazviratidza zvakare panzvimbo yekuchengetedza, asi nokukurumidza fakaroti yake yakavharwa zvakare, nokuti yaifungidzirwa kuti yaisazobatsira vadzidzi. Gnesin anonzwa kushata. Mamiriro ezvinhu anotowedzera kuipa nekufa kwemudzimai wekutanga.
Pashure pezviitiko izvi, anosarudza kutamira kuSt. Ndiye purofesa paConservatory. Mukurumbira waMichael unodzorerwa zvishoma nezvishoma. Anofarira kuremekedzwa kukuru pakati pevadzidzi uye munharaunda yekudzidzisa. Simba uye tariro zvinodzokera kwaari.
Akaramba achiedza nemimhanzi. Kunyanya, mumabasa ake munhu anogona kunzwa zvinyorwa zvemimhanzi yevanhu. Ipapo akanga achishanda pakusikwa kwebhuku pamusoro peRimsky-Korsakov.
Asi, munyori aingorota nezvehupenyu hwakanyarara. Pakupera kwema30, anonzwa kuti munun'una wake akadzvinyirirwa uye akapfurwa. Ipapo hondo inouya, uye Mikhail, pamwe chete nomudzimai wake wechipiri, vanotamira Yoshkar-Ola.
Mikhail Gnesin: shanda paGnesinka
Muna 42, akabatana neboka revaimbi vaibva kuSt. Petersburg Conservatory, vakaendeswa kuTashkent. Asi zvakaipisisa zvakanga zvichiri kuuya. Anonzwa nezverufu rwemwanakomana wake ane makore 35 okukura. Michael anonyura mukuora mwoyo. Asi, kunyange munguva ino yakaoma, munyori anonyora brilliant trio "Mukurangarira vana vedu vakafa." Maestro akatsaurira kuumbwa kumwanakomana wake akafa zvinosiririsa.
Hanzvadzi Elena Gnesina, pakati pe-40s yezana ramakore rapfuura, vakavamba chikoro chitsva chedzidzo yepamusoro. Anokoka mukoma wake kuyunivhesiti nokuda kwechinzvimbo cheutungamiri. Akagamuchira kokero yehama yake ndokutungamirira dhipatimendi rokuumba. Panguva imwecheteyo, repertoire yake yakazadzikiswa neSonata-Fantasy.
Tsanangudzo yehupenyu hwemunhu Mikhail Gnesin
Margolina Nadezhda - akava mudzimai wokutanga maestro. Aishanda muraibhurari uye akaita shanduro. Pashure pokunge asangana naMikhail, mukadzi wacho akapinda muimba inochengeterwa zvinhu uye akadzidziswa kuva muimbi.
Mumuchato uyu, mwanakomana Fabius akaberekwa. Jaya iri raive nechipo chemuimbi. Zvinozivikanwa zvakare kuti aive nechirwere chepfungwa chaimutadzisa kuzviziva muhupenyu. Aigara nababa vake.
Mushure mekufa kwemudzimai wake wokutanga, Gnesin akatora Galina Vankovich somudzimai wake. Akashanda kuMoscow Conservatory. Paive nengano chaidzo pamusoro pemukadzi uyu. Aive akangwara chaizvo. Galina akataura mitauro yakawanda, akapenda mifananidzo, akanyora nhetembo uye kuridza mimhanzi.
Makore ekupedzisira ehupenyu hwemunyori
Akaenda kunozorora zvakakodzera, asi kunyange pakurega, Gnesin haana kuneta nekunyora mabasa emimhanzi. Muna 1956, akaburitsa bhuku rinonzi Thoughts and Memories of N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov. Pasinei nemasevhisi makuru kunyika yake, nziyo dzake dzinonzwika zvishoma nezvishoma. Akafa nechirwere chemoyo musi waMay 5, 1957.
Nhasi, ari kuwedzera kunzi "akakanganwa" muimbi. Asi, hatifaniri kukanganwa kuti nhaka yake yekusika ndeyepakutanga uye yakasiyana. Mumakore 10-15 apfuura, mabasa emunyori weRussia akaitwa kakawanda kunze kwenyika kupfuura munyika yavo yekare.
